I’ve been reading the sections on bubbles and financial
manias in the book Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds.
It’s a worthwhile thing for investors to study. It has been written that
Bernard Baruch decided to get of the stock market in 1929 after reading the
book. I don’t know if that is true or not, but he did write the introduction to
the edition I have. The book is timely because I think we may be in a bubble
now, not anything so manic as the Mississippi bubble or the tulip mania, but
still a bubble and a danger for investors.
To illustrate, suppose I have three hot IPO stock tips for
you. The first one which we’ll call A has the lowest earnings of the three. In
fact its P/E is around 400, but it does pay out all of its paltry earnings to
the investors. The annual earnings are not growing and are certain not to grow
in even nominal terms. The payout to
stockholders is fully taxable as ordinary income. The stock price can fluctuate somewhat with
market conditions but in two years will be exactly equal to the initial offering price.
The second one, called B, pays a little better. Its P/E is a
bit over 50, and all earnings are paid to investors in payouts that are fully
taxable as ordinary income and certain never to grow. Even ignoring taxes, this
payout produces a negative real return at the present official rate of price
inflation. The stock price will fluctuate but in ten years is guaranteed to be
exactly the present offering price in nominal terms, resulting in a real
capital loss at the present rate of price inflation of about twenty percent, assuming the payouts were not reinvested.
The third deal, C, has the best payout of all with a P/E of
around 30 with all earnings paid to
investors. Its returns, too, are fully taxable as ordinary income and guaranteed
not to increase. Its real annual return at the present official rate of
inflation is about 1%, but income taxes reduce that something between about 0.5%
(at a 15% marginal tax rate) and a slightly negative return (at a 35% marginal
tax rate). Its price will fluctuate with conditions but in thirty years is
guaranteed to be exactly the present offering price in nominal terms, resulting
in a real capital loss at the present rate of price inflation of a little less than
fifty percent, assuming the payouts were not reinvested.
I doubt if very many people would want stocks A, B, or C as
investments to hold, as opposed to speculations to trade. Of course they are
not really stocks at all but rather bonds. A, B, and C are the two, ten, and
thirty year treasuries, respectively.
This looks like a bubble to me. Bonds have been in a secular
bull market for over thirty years since the end of the inflation of the 1970’s
which is a long time for any bull market.
The United States is in a period of serious monetary inflation. If that leads
to higher rates of price inflation, it is likely that interest rates will rise
and the value of bonds will drop. The
huge amount of debt the federal government owes gives it an incentive to use
inflation as a means of repudiating part of its obligations. Then of course
there is the simple fact that the potential price appreciation of bonds is
capped. Rates normally will not go below zero, and when interest rates near
zero there is very little room left for them to decline. Interest rates have
rarely been this low in American history and have never before been this low in
the time since World War II. It is also
telling that these days among
so-called experts treasury bonds often are
being touted not so much as conservative investments but rather as speculative
instruments that could jump in value if interest rates move the right way.
I think we should be careful.
Labels: bonds, financial bubbles, investments